{"id":24516,"date":"2026-07-06T17:58:38","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T09:58:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/?p=24516"},"modified":"2026-07-14T10:08:04","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T02:08:04","slug":"1-%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%ef%bc%9a%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%b1%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/1-%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%ef%bc%9a%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%b1%bb\/","title":{"rendered":"1.\u6258\u798f\u8bcd\u6c47\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u7c7b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<a href=\"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%ef%bc%9a%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%e7%9b%ae%e5%bd%95\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"24314\">\u6258\u798f\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bcd\u6c47\u76ee\u5f55<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.&nbsp;abstract<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8\u00e6bstr\u00e6kt\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\uff1b\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd(adj.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u6307\u8131\u79bb\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u7269\u3001\u4f9d\u9760\u601d\u7ef4\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhilosophers often discuss abstract ideas such as justice and virtue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5e38\u63a2\u8ba8\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8fd9\u7c7b\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.&nbsp;aesthetics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/es\u02c8\u03b8et\u026aks\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7f8e\u5b66\uff1b\u5ba1\u7f8e\u54f2\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u7f8e\u3001\u827a\u672f\u9274\u8d4f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5ba1\u7f8e\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAesthetics explores why human beings feel attracted to beautiful works of art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7f8e\u5b66\u63a2\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4f55\u4f1a\u88ab\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u5438\u5f15\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.&nbsp;agnostic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u00e6\u0261\u02c8n\u0252st\u026ak\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8bba\u8005\uff1b\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8bba\u7684\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bc1\u5b9e\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u795e\u660e\u3001\u7ec8\u6781\u672c\u6e90\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u6301\u6709\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe agnostic refused to confirm or deny the existence of supreme beings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u8bba\u8005\u65e2\u4e0d\u80af\u5b9a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u81f3\u9ad8\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.&nbsp;alienation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cce\u026ali\u0259\u02c8ne\u026a\u0283n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5f02\u5316\uff1b\u758f\u79bb\u611f\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u6307\u4eba\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u540c\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea7\u751f\u5272\u88c2\u3001\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aModern philosophers analyzed the alienation brought by industrialized society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5256\u6790\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5f02\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.&nbsp;altruism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8\u00e6ltru\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u3001\u4e0d\u8ba1\u81ea\u8eab\u5f97\u5931\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAltruism is viewed as an essential moral standard in many ethical theories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e2d\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u6838\u5fc3\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.&nbsp;analytic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cc\u00e6n\u0259\u02c8l\u026at\u026ak\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff1b\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd(adj.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4fa7\u91cd\u62c6\u89e3\u8bed\u8a00\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u5398\u6e05\u6982\u5ff5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAnalytic philosophy focuses on clarifying the language used in philosophical arguments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u91cd\u5728\u5398\u6e05\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7.&nbsp;argument<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8\u0251\u02d0\u0261jum\u0259nt\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1b\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8fa8\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7531\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4f50\u8bc1\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u6f14\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe scholar constructed a solid argument to defend his philosophical standpoint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u8bba\u8bc1\u6765\u652f\u6491\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8.&nbsp;atheism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8e\u026a\u03b8i\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4ece\u54f2\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u5426\u5b9a\u4e00\u5207\u795e\u660e\u3001\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAtheism rejects all religious explanations for the origin of the universe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u6452\u5f03\u6240\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u8bf4\u8f9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9.&nbsp;autonomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u0254\u02d0\u02c8t\u0252n\u0259mi\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u81ea\u4e3b\uff1b\u610f\u5fd7\u81ea\u5f8b\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6307\u4eba\u4f9d\u9760\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u4e3b\u5236\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\u3001\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u529b\u675f\u7f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aKant regarded personal autonomy as the foundation of moral behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u81ea\u5f8b\u89c6\u4f5c\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10.&nbsp;being<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8bi\u02d0\u026a\u014b\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u672c\u4f53\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6838\u5fc3\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u6307\u4ee3\u4e00\u5207\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aOntology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11.&nbsp;bias<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8ba\u026a\u0259s\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u504f\u89c1\uff1b\u8ba4\u77e5\u504f\u5411\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u6307\u5e72\u6270\u5ba2\u89c2\u7406\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u56fa\u6709\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhilosophers warn that personal bias will distort objective reasoning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8b66\u793a\u4e3b\u89c2\u504f\u89c1\u4f1a\u626d\u66f2\u5ba2\u89c2\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12.&nbsp;causality<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u0254\u02d0\u02c8z\u00e6l\u0259ti\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\uff1b\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6307\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u524d\u56e0\u540e\u679c\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u5173\u8054\u6cd5\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aHume raised profound doubts about the certainty of causality in nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u8d28\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13.&nbsp;cognition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u0252\u0261\u02c8n\u026a\u0283n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u601d\u8003\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u601d\u7ef4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe philosophy of mind studies how human cognition forms knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u6210\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14.&nbsp;coherent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u0259\u028a\u02c8h\u026a\u0259r\u0259nt\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u903b\u8f91\u81ea\u6d3d\u7684\uff1b\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd(adj.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e00\u5957\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5185\u90e8\u903b\u8f91\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u65e0\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aA reliable philosophical system must be coherent in all its viewpoints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u6240\u6709\u89c2\u70b9\u5fc5\u987b\u903b\u8f91\u81ea\u6d3d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15.&nbsp;consequentialism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cck\u0252ns\u026a\u02c8kwen\u0283\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u884c\u4e3a\u5584\u6076\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u636e\u884c\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aConsequentialism holds that the outcome determines whether an action is moral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u540e\u679c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">16.&nbsp;consciousness<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8k\u0252n\u0283\u0259sn\u0259s\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u610f\u8bc6\uff1b\u5fc3\u7075\u89c9\u77e5\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4eba\u5bf9\u5185\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u4ea7\u751f\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u89c9\u77e5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMany philosophers struggle to explain how physical brains produce consciousness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f17\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7269\u8d28\u5927\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u4ea7\u751f\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17.&nbsp;contradiction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8d\u026ak\u0283n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u77db\u76fe\uff1b\u903b\u8f91\u51b2\u7a81\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7acb\u547d\u9898\u65e0\u6cd5\u540c\u65f6\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aDialectics studies the contradiction between opposing forces in reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5bf9\u7acb\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">18.&nbsp;cosmology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u0252z\u02c8m\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\uff1b\u5b87\u5b99\u54f2\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u63a2\u7a76\u5b87\u5b99\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u8fd0\u884c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAncient cosmology mixed philosophical speculation with primitive observation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53e4\u4ee3\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8fa8\u4e0e\u539f\u59cb\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">19.&nbsp;criterion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/kra\u026a\u02c8t\u026a\u0259ri\u0259n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8bc4\u5224\u6807\u51c6\uff1b\u51c6\u5219\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u771f\u7406\u3001\u5584\u6076\u3001\u7f8e\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u8861\u91cf\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhilosophers have debated the criterion for distinguishing truth from falsehood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u957f\u4e45\u4e89\u8bba\u533a\u5206\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u8c2c\u8bef\u7684\u8bc4\u5224\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">20.&nbsp;deductive<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/d\u026a\u02c8d\u028ckt\u026av\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u6f14\u7ece\u7684\uff1b\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd(adj.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4ece\u901a\u7528\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u5177\u4f53\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aDeductive reasoning guarantees a true conclusion if premises are correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u82e5\u524d\u63d0\u65e0\u8bef\uff0c\u6f14\u7ece\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u5fc5\u7136\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">21.&nbsp;deontology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccde\u026a\u0252n\u02c8t\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\uff1b\u9053\u4e49\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u9075\u5b88\u56fa\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u51c6\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aDeontology argues some acts are inherently right regardless of results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u9053\u4e49\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90e8\u5206\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u540e\u679c\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">22.&nbsp;determinism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/d\u026a\u02c8t\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7686\u7531\u524d\u5e8f\u6761\u4ef6\u5b8c\u5168\u6ce8\u5b9a\uff0c\u65e0\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aDeterminism conflicts with the belief that humans possess free will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u76f8\u4e92\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">23.&nbsp;dialectic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/da\u026a\u0259\u02c8lekt\u026ak\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\uff1b\u8fa9\u8bc1\u601d\u8fa8\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u53cd\u547d\u9898\u5bf9\u7acb\u3001\u878d\u5408\u63a8\u8fdb\u601d\u60f3\u63a8\u6f14\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aSocrates used dialectic to guide people to find their own logical errors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u8fd0\u7528\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u8eab\u903b\u8f91\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">24.&nbsp;dualism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8dju\u02d0\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aCartesian dualism separates mind and body as two distinct substances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u5c06\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u8089\u4f53\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">25.&nbsp;empirical<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u026am\u02c8p\u026ar\u026akl\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff1b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7684\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd(adj.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u6307\u77e5\u8bc6\u5168\u90e8\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEmpirical philosophers claim all ideas come from human sensory experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u5207\u89c2\u5ff5\u5747\u6e90\u81ea\u4eba\u7c7b\u611f\u5b98\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">26.&nbsp;epistemology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u026a\u02ccp\u026ast\u0259\u02c8m\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\uff1b\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEpistemology answers the question of how human beings gain valid knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u89e3\u7b54\u4eba\u7c7b\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u53d6\u53ef\u9760\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">27.&nbsp;essence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8esns\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u672c\u8d28\uff1b\u672c\u4f53\u7cbe\u9ad3\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u3001\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPlato believed the essence of things exists in an invisible ideal world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">28.&nbsp;ethics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8e\u03b8\u026aks\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff1b\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u5584\u6076\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u8303\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEthics guides people to make reasonable moral choices in daily life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u5408\u4e4e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">29.&nbsp;existentialism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cce\u0261z\u026a\u02c8sten\u0283\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u56fa\u6709\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u7531\u81ea\u8eab\u9009\u62e9\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aExistentialism emphasizes individual freedom and personal responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">30.&nbsp;fallacy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8f\u00e6l\u0259si\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8c2c\u8bef\uff1b\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e2d\u8fdd\u53cd\u903b\u8f91\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u5bfc\u81f4\u7ed3\u8bba\u5931\u6548\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhilosophy students learn to identify every common logical fallacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u5b66\u751f\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e60\u8bc6\u522b\u5404\u7c7b\u5e38\u89c1\u903b\u8f91\u8c2c\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">31.&nbsp;fatalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8fe\u026at\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u751f\u547d\u8f68\u8ff9\u3001\u4e16\u95f4\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65e9\u5df2\u88ab\u547d\u8fd0\u9884\u5148\u6ce8\u5b9a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aFatalism discourages active efforts to change one\u2019s life situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4eba\u653e\u5f03\u4e3b\u52a8\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u8eab\u5904\u5883\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">32.&nbsp;freewill<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccfri\u02d0 \u02c8w\u026al\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u529b\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u4e3b\u9009\u62e9\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe debate over freewill has lasted thousands of years in western philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">33.&nbsp;idealism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/a\u026a\u02c8d\u026a\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1b\u7406\u5ff5\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u7406\u5ff5\u624d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u6e90\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4f9d\u6258\u7cbe\u795e\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aObjective idealism holds that universal ideas exist independent of humans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5ba2\u89c2\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7406\u5ff5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">34.&nbsp;identity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/a\u026a\u02c8dent\u0259ti\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff1b\u672c\u4f53\u6052\u5b58\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u5386\u7ecf\u53d8\u5316\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhilosophers argue about the personal identity of human beings over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e89\u8bba\u4eba\u5386\u7ecf\u5c81\u6708\u53d8\u5316\u540e\u662f\u5426\u4fdd\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">35.&nbsp;induction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u026an\u02c8d\u028ck\u0283n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5f52\u7eb3\uff1b\u5f52\u7eb3\u63a8\u7406\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u4e2a\u522b\u73b0\u8c61\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u901a\u7528\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aInduction draws general rules from a collection of specific observations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\u4ece\u5927\u91cf\u5177\u4f53\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e2d\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u901a\u7528\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">36.&nbsp;intuition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cc\u026antju\u02c8\u026a\u0283n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u76f4\u89c9\uff1b\u76f4\u89c2\u8ba4\u77e5\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u6f14\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u63e1\u771f\u7406\u3001\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u611f\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aSome philosophers trust intuition as a source of fundamental truth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u90e8\u5206\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u76f4\u89c9\u89c6\u4f5c\u83b7\u53d6\u6839\u672c\u771f\u7406\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">37.&nbsp;logic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8l\u0252d\u0292\u026ak\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\uff1b\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u6b63\u786e\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u8bba\u8bc1\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u601d\u7ef4\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5de5\u5177\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aLogic is the basic tool used by all branches of philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u662f\u6240\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u90fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">38.&nbsp;materialism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/m\u0259\u02c8t\u026a\u0259ri\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1b\u7269\u8d28\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u552f\u4e00\u672c\u6e90\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u4f9d\u9644\u7269\u8d28\u4ea7\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMaterialism states that consciousness is a product of physical matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u51fa\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">39.&nbsp;metaphysics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccmet\u0259\u02c8f\u026az\u026aks\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\uff1b\u672c\u4f53\u54f2\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8d85\u8d8a\u5177\u8c61\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u672c\u6e90\u3001\u7ec8\u6781\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5927\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMetaphysics deals with questions that natural science cannot answer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u63a2\u8ba8\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u7b54\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">40.&nbsp;morality<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/m\u0259\u02c8r\u00e6l\u0259ti\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u9053\u5fb7\uff1b\u9053\u5fb7\u4f53\u7cfb\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u793e\u7fa4\u516c\u8ba4\u533a\u5206\u5584\u6076\u5bf9\u9519\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aDifferent cultures form distinct systems of morality through history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u660e\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">41.&nbsp;nihilism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8na\u026ah\u026al\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u4e00\u5207\u5ba2\u89c2\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7ec8\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aNihilism claims the universe contains no inherent meaning or value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u58f0\u79f0\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5185\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">42.&nbsp;objectivity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cc\u0252bd\u0292ek\u02c8t\u026av\u0259ti\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff1b\u5ba2\u89c2\u8ba4\u77e5\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8131\u79bb\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c2\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u5982\u5b9e\u53cd\u6620\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8c8c\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhilosophical research requires strict objectivity to avoid subjective bias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff0c\u89c4\u907f\u4e3b\u89c2\u504f\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">43.&nbsp;ontology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u0252n\u02c8t\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff1b\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u6838\u5fc3\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u4e0e\u4e07\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aOntology asks what kinds of things can truly be said to exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\u7a76\u7adf\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">44.&nbsp;paradox<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8p\u00e6r\u0259d\u0252ks\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u6096\u8bba\uff1b\u903b\u8f91\u77db\u76fe\u547d\u9898\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u770b\u4f3c\u5408\u7406\u63a8\u5bfc\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u51fa\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8fa8\u547d\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMany ancient philosophers created paradoxes to challenge common sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8bf8\u591a\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6311\u6218\u5927\u4f17\u56fa\u6709\u5e38\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">45.&nbsp;perception<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/p\u0259\u02c8sep\u0283n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u77e5\u89c9\uff1b\u611f\u5b98\u611f\u77e5\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u89c6\u89c9\u3001\u542c\u89c9\u7b49\u611f\u5b98\u63a5\u6536\u5916\u754c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEmpiricists believe all knowledge originates from human perception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5168\u90e8\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">46.&nbsp;phenomenology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/f\u0259\u02ccn\u0252m\u026a\u02c8n\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhenomenology sets aside assumptions to study direct human experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u6401\u7f6e\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u8868\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">47.&nbsp;pragmatism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8pr\u00e6\u0261m\u0259t\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3b\u6d41\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ee5\u89c2\u5ff5\u5b9e\u9645\u6548\u7528\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u771f\u4f2a\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPragmatism judges an idea true if it works well in real practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u80fd\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u8d77\u6548\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5373\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">48.&nbsp;rationalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8r\u00e6\u0283n\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u53ef\u9760\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aRationalists argue reason is more trustworthy than sensory experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u7406\u6027\u6bd4\u611f\u5b98\u4f53\u9a8c\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">49.&nbsp;skepticism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8skept\u026as\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u6000\u7591\u8bba\uff1b\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8d28\u7591\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u5426\u83b7\u5f97\u7edd\u5bf9\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aSkepticism urges people to question every unproven philosophical claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u5021\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u8d28\u7591\u4e00\u5207\u672a\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">50.&nbsp;teleology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccti\u02d0li\u02c8\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e07\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u7686\u5177\u5907\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aTraditional teleology thought all natural things serve a fixed ultimate goal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f20\u7edf\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u81ea\u7136\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u56fa\u5b9a\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd4\u56de\u9996\u9875<a href=\"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%ef%bc%9a%e4%ba%ba%e6%96%87%e5%ad%a6%e7%a7%91%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%e7%9b%ae%e5%bd%95\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"24596\">\u6258\u798f\uff1a\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u8bcd\u6c47\u76ee\u5f55<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u6258\u798f\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bcd\u6c47\u76ee\u5f55&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[508],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-508"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24516","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24516"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24516\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24516"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24516"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}