{"id":24531,"date":"2026-07-06T18:14:11","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T10:14:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/?p=24531"},"modified":"2026-07-14T10:08:03","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T02:08:03","slug":"4-%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%ef%bc%9a%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%b1%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/4-%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%ef%bc%9a%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%b1%bb\/","title":{"rendered":"4.\u6258\u798f\u8bcd\u6c47\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u7c7b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a<a href=\"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/2026\/07\/05\/%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%ef%bc%9a%e5%8c%bb%e5%ad%a6%e7%b1%bb%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%e7%9b%ae%e5%bd%95\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"24132\">\u6258\u798f\uff1a\u533b\u5b66\u7c7b\u8bcd\u6c47\u76ee\u5f55<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1.&nbsp;epistemology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u026a\u02ccp\u026ast\u0259\u02c8m\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u7c7b\u77e5\u8bc6\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u754c\u9650\u3001\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEpistemology asks how we can know anything for certain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u591f\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2.&nbsp;ontology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u0252n\u02c8t\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u3001\u4e07\u7269\u771f\u5b9e\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aOntology deals with questions about what truly exists in reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7a76\u7adf\u4f55\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3.&nbsp;empiricism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u026am\u02c8p\u026ar\u026as\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u5207\u77e5\u8bc6\u5747\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEmpiricists reject the idea of innate ideas in human minds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5426\u5b9a\u4eba\u8111\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u5929\u7406\u5ff5\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4.&nbsp;rationalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8r\u00e6\u0283n\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u53ef\u9760\u77e5\u8bc6\u6838\u5fc3\u9014\u5f84\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aRationalism prioritizes logical deduction over sensory experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u6f14\u7f6e\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5.&nbsp;nihilism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8na\u026a\u026al\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5426\u8ba4\u751f\u547d\u56fa\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u7406\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aNihilism claims there is no inherent meaning to human existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6.&nbsp;stoicism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8st\u0259\u028a\u026as\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u65af\u591a\u845b\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5021\u5bfc\u514b\u5236\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u987a\u5e94\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u575a\u5b88\u5185\u5fc3\u5fb7\u884c\u7684\u53e4\u8001\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aStoicism teaches people to accept hardships calmly without rage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b66\u6d3e\u6559\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u5e73\u9759\u63a5\u7eb3\u82e6\u96be\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc3\u751f\u6124\u61d1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7.&nbsp;utilitarianism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccju\u02d0t\u026al\u026a\u02c8te\u0259ri\u0259n\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4ee5\u884c\u4e3a\u80fd\u5426\u5e26\u6765\u6700\u5927\u7fa4\u4f53\u5e78\u798f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5584\u6076\u8bc4\u5224\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aUtilitarianism judges morality based on overall happiness of all people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f9d\u636e\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u5e78\u798f\u8bc4\u5224\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8.&nbsp;existentialism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cce\u0261z\u026asten\u0283\u0259\u02c8l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u5148\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u518d\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u521b\u9020\u4eba\u751f\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aExistentialism emphasizes individual free will and personal responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9.&nbsp;materialism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/m\u0259\u02c8t\u026a\u0259ri\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u672c\u6e90\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u4f9d\u9644\u7269\u8d28\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMaterialism holds that mind is a product of physical human brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u4eba\u8111\u8fd9\u4e00\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10.&nbsp;idealism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/a\u026a\u02c8di\u02d0\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u624d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u6839\u672c\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4f9d\u8d56\u611f\u77e5\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPlato\u2019s idealism states real truth lies in invisible spiritual forms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u771f\u7406\u85cf\u4e8e\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7406\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11.&nbsp;dualism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8dju\u02d0\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u672c\u6e90\uff08\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\uff09\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aCartesian dualism separates human mind and physical body completely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u5c06\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u8089\u4f53\u5b8c\u5168\u5272\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">12.&nbsp;pragmatism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8pr\u00e6\u0261m\u0259t\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u771f\u7406\u9700\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u8df5\u6548\u679c\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u6709\u7528\u5373\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPragmatism evaluates theories by their practical real-world results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f9d\u9760\u73b0\u5b9e\u5b9e\u8df5\u6210\u6548\u8bc4\u5224\u5404\u7c7b\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13.&nbsp;skepticism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8skept\u026as\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8d28\u7591\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u5426\u83b7\u5f97\u7edd\u5bf9\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u5ba2\u89c2\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aSkepticism urges people to suspend judgment without solid proof.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u4e3b\u5f20\u82e5\u65e0\u786e\u51ff\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u6682\u7f13\u505a\u51fa\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14.&nbsp;transcendence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/tr\u00e6n\u02c8send\u0259ns\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8d85\u8131\u4e16\u4fd7\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u6709\u9650\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u62b5\u8fbe\u66f4\u9ad8\u7cbe\u795e\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMany ancient philosophers pursued transcendence of mortal desires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8bf8\u591a\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e16\u4fd7\u51e1\u4eba\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15.&nbsp;immanence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8\u026am\u0259n\u0259ns\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5185\u5728\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u771f\u7406\u3001\u795e\u6027\u6216\u7ec8\u6781\u672c\u8d28\u8574\u85cf\u4e8e\u4e16\u95f4\u4e07\u7269\u5185\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe idea of immanence rejects separation between spirit and daily life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5185\u5728\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u5426\u5b9a\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u76f8\u4e92\u5272\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">16.&nbsp;teleology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccti\u02d0li\u02c8\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e07\u7269\u8fd0\u8f6c\u3001\u8bde\u751f\u7686\u9884\u8bbe\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4ee5\u76ee\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e8b\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aTeleology explains plant growth as aiming toward reproduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5c06\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ee5\u7e41\u884d\u4e3a\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">17.&nbsp;metaphysics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccmet\u0259\u02c8f\u026az\u026aks\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u8d85\u8d8a\u5177\u8c61\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u672c\u6e90\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMetaphysics explores questions science cannot directly observe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u63a2\u8ba8\u79d1\u5b66\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">18.&nbsp;causality<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u0254\u02d0\u02c8z\u00e6l\u0259ti\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u8d77\u56e0\u4e0e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aDavid Hume questioned whether human perception proves true causality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u8d28\u7591\u4eba\u7c7b\u611f\u77e5\u80fd\u5426\u8bc1\u660e\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">19.&nbsp;voluntarism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8v\u0252l\u0259nt\u0259r\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u552f\u610f\u5fd7\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u610f\u5fd7\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6838\u5fc3\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u4ec5\u4e3a\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aNietzsche\u2019s voluntarism regards will as the driving force of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5c3c\u91c7\u7684\u552f\u610f\u5fd7\u8bba\u5c06\u610f\u5fd7\u89c6\u4f5c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">20.&nbsp;asceticism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u0259\u02c8set\u026as\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u523b\u610f\u820d\u5f03\u7269\u8d28\u4eab\u4e50\uff0c\u4f9d\u9760\u82e6\u884c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7cbe\u795e\u5347\u534e\u7684\u4fee\u884c\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAsceticism requires practitioners to limit material comfort strictly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7981\u6b32\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u6c42\u4fee\u884c\u8005\u4e25\u683c\u514b\u5236\u7269\u8d28\u4eab\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">21.&nbsp;fatalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8fe\u026at\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u547d\u8fd0\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65e9\u5df2\u6ce8\u5b9a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f9d\u9760\u9009\u62e9\u6539\u53d8\u8d70\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aFatalism denies the power of individual free will to change fate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u5426\u5b9a\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u6539\u53d8\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">22.&nbsp;determinism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/d\u026a\u02c8t\u025c\u02d0m\u026an\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u7531\u524d\u7f6e\u6761\u4ef6\u5b8c\u5168\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u65e0\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aScientific determinism links every human action to prior causes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u7531\u524d\u7f6e\u56e0\u7d20\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">23.&nbsp;compatibilism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u0259m\u02ccp\u00e6t\u0259\u02c8b\u026al\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u76f8\u5bb9\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e3b\u5f20\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u6210\u7acb\u3001\u4e92\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aCompatibilism redefines freedom as acting based on one\u2019s own desires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u76f8\u5bb9\u8bba\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u9075\u4ece\u81ea\u8eab\u610f\u613f\u884c\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">24.&nbsp;aesthetics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/i\u02d0s\u02c8\u03b8et\u026aks\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7f8e\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u7f8e\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAesthetics analyzes why humans feel beauty in paintings and poems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7f8e\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4f55\u80fd\u4ece\u753b\u4f5c\u4e0e\u8bd7\u6b4c\u4e2d\u611f\u77e5\u7f8e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">25.&nbsp;deontology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccde\u026a\u0252n\u02c8t\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u884c\u4e3a\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aDeontology claims lying is always wrong regardless of good outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5373\u4fbf\u7ed3\u679c\u5411\u597d\uff0c\u8bf4\u8c0e\u672c\u8eab\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">26.&nbsp;hedonism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8hi\u02d0d\u0259n\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u5feb\u4e50\u662f\u4eba\u751f\u552f\u4e00\u5185\u5728\u5584\uff0c\u75db\u82e6\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5185\u5728\u6076\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEthical hedonism guides people to maximize long-term pleasure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u4eab\u4e50\u4e3b\u4e49\u6307\u5f15\u4eba\u4eec\u6700\u5927\u5316\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6109\u60a6\u611f\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">27.&nbsp;pluralism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8pl\u028a\u0259r\u0259l\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u7531\u591a\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u672c\u6e90\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5355\u4e00\u552f\u4e00\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMetaphysical pluralism refuses to reduce all reality to one substance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u591a\u5143\u8bba\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u73b0\u5b9e\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u7269\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">28.&nbsp;monism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8m\u0252n\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e16\u95f4\u4e07\u7269\u6e90\u81ea\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u5355\u4e00\u672c\u6e90\uff08\u7269\u8d28\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aSpiritual monism believes all existence is made of universal spirit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u7cbe\u795e\u4e00\u5143\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u90fd\u7531\u5b87\u5b99\u7cbe\u795e\u6784\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">29.&nbsp;phenomenology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/f\u0259\u02ccn\u0252m\u0259\u02c8n\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e13\u6ce8\u76f4\u63a5\u5206\u6790\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u3001\u4e3b\u89c2\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhenomenology brackets external facts to study pure conscious experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u6401\u7f6e\u5916\u5728\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7eaf\u7cb9\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">30.&nbsp;hermeneutics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cch\u025c\u02d0m\u0259\u02c8nju\u02d0t\u026aks\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8be0\u91ca\u5b66\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u672c\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u8bfb\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aHermeneutics focuses on how context shapes every person\u2019s interpretation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8be0\u91ca\u5b66\u91cd\u70b9\u5206\u6790\u8bed\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u5851\u9020\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">31.&nbsp;teleology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccti\u02d0li\u02c8\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e8b\u7269\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\u89e3\u91ca\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAristotle applied teleology to analyze every natural creature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8fd0\u7528\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">32.&nbsp;syncretism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8s\u026a\u014bkr\u0259t\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u878d\u5408\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u6574\u5408\u591a\u79cd\u5bf9\u7acb\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u5f62\u6210\u5168\u65b0\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aPhilosophical syncretism combines Eastern and Western moral thoughts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u878d\u5408\u8bba\u6574\u5408\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u5404\u7c7b\u9053\u5fb7\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">33.&nbsp;eudaimonia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/ju\u02d0da\u026a\u02c8m\u0259\u028ani\u0259\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5e78\u798f\u5706\u6ee1\uff1b\u81f3\u5584\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u4f9d\u9760\u5fb7\u884c\u5b9e\u73b0\u957f\u4e45\u5b8c\u6ee1\u4eba\u751f\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEudaimonia is the ultimate goal of all virtuous human activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u81f3\u5584\u662f\u4eba\u4e00\u5207\u5fb7\u884c\u6d3b\u52a8\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">34.&nbsp;kinesis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u026a\u02c8ni\u02d0s\u026as\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u8fd0\u52a8\u53d8\u5316\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6307\u4ee3\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u6f14\u53d8\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAncient Greek philosophers debated the origin of universal kinesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u4eba\u4e89\u8bba\u5b87\u5b99\u4e07\u7269\u8fd0\u52a8\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u672c\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">35.&nbsp;substrate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8s\u028cbstre\u026at\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u57fa\u5e95\uff1b\u672c\u4f53\u57fa\u8d28\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u627f\u8f7d\u4e00\u5207\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u8868\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMetaphysics searches for the permanent substrate behind all change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5bfb\u627e\u6240\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u80cc\u540e\u6c38\u6052\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u57fa\u5e95\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">36.&nbsp;volition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/v\u0259\u02c8l\u026a\u0283n\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u610f\u5fd7\u6289\u62e9\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4eba\u4e3b\u52a8\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u53d1\u8d77\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u81ea\u4e3b\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMoral responsibility only exists for actions driven by free volition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\u6289\u62e9\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u624d\u5b58\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">37.&nbsp;veracity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/v\u0259\u02c8r\u00e6s\u0259ti\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u9648\u8ff0\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEpistemology constantly tests the veracity of human sensory data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u6301\u7eed\u68c0\u9a8c\u4eba\u7c7b\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">38.&nbsp;rectitude<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8rekt\u026atju\u02d0d\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u76f4\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u575a\u5b88\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u826f\u5584\u3001\u5408\u4e4e\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u54c1\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aStoic philosophers valued rectitude above material wealth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u65af\u591a\u845b\u54f2\u4eba\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u76f4\u770b\u5f97\u6bd4\u7269\u8d28\u8d22\u5bcc\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">39.&nbsp;praxis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8pr\u00e6ks\u026as\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5b9e\u8df5\u77e5\u884c\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u843d\u5730\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMarxist philosophy links abstract theory to social praxis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5c06\u62bd\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">40.&nbsp;tautology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/t\u0254\u02d0\u02c8t\u0252l\u0259d\u0292i\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\uff1b\u6052\u771f\u547d\u9898\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6c38\u8fdc\u6210\u7acb\u3001\u4e0d\u8f93\u51fa\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u9648\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1a&#8221;All humans are people&#8221; counts as a simple logical tautology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u540c\u4e49\u53cd\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">41.&nbsp;syllogism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8s\u026al\u0259d\u0292\u026az\u0259m\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u521b\u7acb\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u5c0f\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba\u6784\u6210\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aA valid syllogism guarantees true conclusion if premises hold true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u82e5\u524d\u63d0\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5219\u7ed3\u8bba\u5fc5\u7136\u771f\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">42.&nbsp;antinomy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u00e6n\u02c8t\u026an\u0259mi\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e24\u7ec4\u903b\u8f91\u5b8c\u5907\u5374\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aKant\u2019s antinomies expose contradictions in human pure reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u4e8c\u5f8b\u80cc\u53cd\u63ed\u793a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u6027\u5185\u5728\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">43.&nbsp;catharsis<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/k\u0259\u02c8\u03b8\u0251\u02d0s\u026as\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7cbe\u795e\u51c0\u5316\uff1b\u5ba3\u6cc4\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5ba1\u7f8e\u3001\u601d\u8fa8\u91ca\u653e\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5fc3\u7075\u51c0\u5316\u5347\u534e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAristotle believed tragedy brings catharsis to the audience\u2019s mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u60b2\u5267\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u89c2\u4f17\u5e26\u6765\u5fc3\u7075\u51c0\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">44.&nbsp;logos<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8l\u0259\u028a\u0261\u0252s\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u903b\u5404\u65af\uff1b\u5b87\u5b99\u7406\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u652f\u914d\u5b87\u5b99\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7406\u6027\u6cd5\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aAncient Stoics viewed logos as the rational soul of the whole world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53e4\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b66\u6d3e\u5c06\u903b\u5404\u65af\u89c6\u4f5c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u6027\u672c\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">45.&nbsp;pathos<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8pe\u026a\u03b8\u0252s\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u611f\u6027\u5171\u60c5\uff1b\u60c5\u611f\u8bc9\u6c42\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u6253\u52a8\u4ed6\u4eba\u60c5\u7eea\u3001\u5524\u8d77\u5171\u60c5\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u611f\u6027\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5bf9\u7acblogos\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aEthical philosophers balance cold logos with warm human pathos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4f26\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e73\u8861\u51b7\u9759\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u6e29\u6696\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5171\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">46.&nbsp;ethos<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8i\u02d0\u03b8\u0252s\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u7cbe\u795e\u7279\u8d28\uff1b\u9053\u5fb7\u98ce\u6c14\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u65f6\u4ee3\u5185\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c14\u8d28\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u5e95\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe ethos of ancient Athens prioritized debate and rational thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u53e4\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u98ce\u6c14\u5d07\u5c1a\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">47.&nbsp;finitude<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02c8f\u026an\u026atju\u02d0d\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u6709\u9650\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aExistentialists reflect deeply on human finitude and mortality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6df1\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6027\u4e0e\u5fc5\u6b7b\u5bbf\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">48.&nbsp;infinitude<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u026an\u02c8f\u026an\u026atju\u02d0d\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u65e0\u9650\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u4e0d\u53d7\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u675f\u7f1a\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u5b8c\u6ee1\u5b58\u5728\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aMetaphysics debates whether the universe holds true infinitude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e89\u8bba\u5b87\u5b99\u662f\u5426\u5177\u5907\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">49.&nbsp;reciprocity<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02ccres\u026a\u02c8pr\u0252s\u0259ti\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u4e92\u60e0\u5bf9\u7b49\uff1b\u76f8\u4e92\u6027\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5c42\u9762\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5bf9\u7b49\u4ed8\u51fa\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe principle of reciprocity appears in nearly all global ethics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u4e92\u60e0\u539f\u5219\u51e0\u4e4e\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u6709\u4f26\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">50.&nbsp;transcendental<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\/\u02cctr\u00e6nsen\u02c8dentl\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u3010\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u3011<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bcd\u6027\uff1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd(adj.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u91ca\u4e49\uff1a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u540e\u5929\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5148\u5929\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aKant studied transcendental logic that shapes all human experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bd1\u6587\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7814\u7a76\u5851\u9020\u4eba\u7c7b\u5168\u90e8\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8bf7\u70b9\u51fb\u8fd4\u56de\u9996\u9875<a href=\"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/2026\/07\/06\/%e6%89%98%e7%a6%8f%ef%bc%9a%e4%ba%ba%e6%96%87%e5%ad%a6%e7%a7%91%e8%af%8d%e6%b1%87%e7%9b%ae%e5%bd%95\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"24596\">\u6258\u798f\uff1a\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u8bcd\u6c47\u76ee\u5f55<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u6258\u798f\uff1a\u533b\u5b66\u7c7b\u8bcd\u6c47\u76ee\u5f55 &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[508],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-508"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24531","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24531"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24531\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24531"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openhub365.cn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}