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短篇科普小品：第十四篇
本文为原创纪实科普文稿
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英文原文
The human body is not merely a single independent organism.
It hosts trillions of tiny microbes, including bacteria, fungi and viruses,
collectively known as the human microbiome.
These microscopic creatures settle on our skin, inside our mouths,
respiratory tracts and most densely within the digestive gut.
The total number of microbial cells living on and inside a human body
is comparable to the count of human body cells,
forming a complex, interactive ecosystem that accompanies us throughout life.
Many people used to regard all microbes as dangerous pathogens.
Yet the vast majority of our resident microorganisms are harmless,
and even essential to maintain normal bodily functions.
Gut microbes break down certain complex carbohydrates
that human digestive enzymes cannot process alone.
They produce vital vitamins such as vitamin K and B vitamins,
helping the body absorb minerals from food.
These microbes also train our immune system from early childhood,
teaching immune cells to distinguish truly harmful invaders
from harmless substances and friendly symbiotic organisms.
The composition of each person’s microbiome is highly unique,
like a one-of-a-kind biological fingerprint.
It begins to form the moment a baby is born.
Birth method, breastfeeding, diet, living environment,
antibiotic use and even social contact all reshape the balance of microbial communities.
Antibiotics can wipe out harmful bacteria during infection treatment,
but they may also kill large numbers of beneficial gut microbes at the same time,
sometimes causing long-term shifts in microbiome diversity.
A balanced microbiome supports stable metabolism and mental health.
Scientific research has uncovered the gut-brain axis,
a bidirectional communication pathway between intestinal microbes and the brain.
Microbes release chemical signal molecules that travel through nerves and the bloodstream,
influencing mood, stress response and cognitive state.
When the microbial community loses its natural balance,
a condition called dysbiosis occurs.
Dysbiosis has been linked with digestive disorders, metabolic diseases,
allergic conditions and even some mood-related health problems.
Scientists are exploring promising new medical applications
based on microbiome research.
Fecal microbiota transplantation is one such therapy,
which transfers healthy microbial communities from donors
to rebuild the gut ecosystem of patients severely damaged by stubborn infections.
Personalized dietary plans and targeted probiotic supplements
are also under research to adjust individual microbial balance.
Nevertheless, many mysteries still remain.
Researchers are still learning how diet changes reshape microbiomes over time,
and how different microbial species interact with one another inside the body.
Hasty self-administration of probiotics or microbiome interventions
may bring unexpected risks, because microbial ecosystems are delicate and individual-specific.
The study of human microbial communities has reshaped our understanding of human life.
We exist in close partnership with countless tiny life forms.
Protecting the diversity and balance of our internal microbiome
is just as important as caring for our heart, lungs or brain.
This hidden ecosystem inside our bodies remains one of the most fascinating
frontiers in modern biological and medical exploration.
中文译文
人体并不只是一个单一独立的有机体。
我们身上寄居着数以万亿计的微小生物，包含细菌、真菌与病毒，
统称为人体微生物群落。
这些微生物定居在皮肤表面、口腔、呼吸道，
而密度最高的区域，是消化道肠道内部。
人体内外微生物细胞的总数，
和人体自身细胞数量处于同一量级，
它们构成一套复杂、相互作用的生态系统，终生与我们相伴。
过去很多人认为微生物全都是危险病原体。
但寄居在我们体内的微生物，绝大多数并无害处，
甚至对维持身体正常运转必不可少。
肠道微生物可以分解人体消化酶无法单独处理的复杂碳水化合物，
合成维生素K与B族维生素等关键营养物质，
帮助身体从食物中吸收矿物质。
从幼年时期开始，这些微生物就训练我们的免疫系统，
让免疫细胞学会区分真正危险的入侵者、
无害物质以及共生有益微生物。
每个人的微生物群落构成极具独特性，
就像独一无二的生物指纹。
这套群落从婴儿出生那一刻开始建立。
分娩方式、母乳喂养、饮食结构、居住环境、
抗生素使用，甚至社交接触，都会重塑微生物群落的平衡。
抗生素能够在感染治疗中杀灭有害细菌，
但同时也会大量杀死肠道有益微生物，
有时会造成微生物多样性发生长期改变。
平衡的微生物群落有助于稳定新陈代谢与精神健康。
科研已经发现肠脑轴，
也就是肠道微生物与大脑之间双向的信息交流通路。
微生物释放化学信号分子，经由神经与血液循环传递，
影响情绪、应激反应与认知状态。
一旦微生物群落失去原有平衡，就会出现菌群失调。
菌群失调和消化道疾病、代谢类疾病、过敏问题，
以及部分情绪相关健康问题存在关联。
科学家正在依托微生物组研究，探索富有前景的新型医疗手段。
粪便微生物移植就是其中一种疗法，
将捐献者健康的微生物群落移植，
重建被顽固感染严重破坏的患者肠道生态。
个性化饮食方案与靶向益生菌制剂，
也在研究当中，用来调节个体微生物平衡。
即便如此，仍然存在大量未解之谜。
研究者还在持续探索饮食变化如何长期改变微生物组，
以及不同微生物物种在体内如何互相作用。
贸然自行服用益生菌或者各类微生物干预手段
可能带来未知风险，因为微生物生态十分脆弱，并且因人而异。
对人体微生物群落的研究，重塑了我们对生命的认知。
人类和无数微小生命，是紧密共生的伙伴。
保护体内微生物群落的多样性与平衡，
和呵护心脏、肺脏、大脑同等重要。
我们身体内部这套隐秘生态系统，
依旧是现代生物与医学探索领域，最引人入胜的前沿之一。
一、核心生词
1. microbiome
/ˈmaɪkrəʊbaɪəʊm/
微生物组；微生物群落
名词（n.）
2. microbe
/ˈmaɪkrəʊb/
微生物
名词（n.）
3. fungi
/ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/
真菌
名词（n.）
4. digestive
/daɪˈdʒestɪv/
消化的
形容词（adj.）
5. enzyme
/ˈenzaɪm/
酶
名词（n.）
6. symbiotic
/ˌsɪmbaɪˈɒtɪk/
共生的
形容词（adj.）
7. antibiotic
/ˌæntibaɪˈɒtɪk/
抗生素
名词（n.）
8. dysbiosis
/dɪsbaɪˈəʊsɪs/
菌群失调
名词（n.）
9. metabolism
/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/
新陈代谢
名词（n.）
10. probiotic
/ˌprəʊbaɪˈɒtɪk/
益生菌
名词（n.）
11. transplantation
/ˌtrænsplɑːnˈteɪʃn/
移植
名词（n.）
12. ecosystem
/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/
生态系统
名词（n.）
二、重点短语
1. human microbiome
人体微生物群落/微生物组
2. digestive gut
肠道
3. immune system
免疫系统
4. biological fingerprint
生物指纹
5. gut-brain axis
肠脑轴
6. signal molecules
信号分子
7. fecal microbiota transplantation
粪便微生物移植
8. microbial diversity
微生物多样性
9. metabolic diseases
代谢疾病
10. symbiotic organisms
共生生物
三、长难句拆解
句子：
The total number of microbial cells living on
and inside a human body is comparable to the count of human body cells,
forming a complex,
interactive ecosystem that accompanies us throughout life.
主干：
The total number of microbial cells is
comparable to the count of human body cells
主干译文：
人体内外微生物细胞总数，和人体自身细胞数量处于同一量级
后置定语：
living on and inside a human body
定语译文：
寄居在人体表面与体内（的）
结果状语：
forming a complex, interactive ecosystem
状语译文：
形成一套复杂、相互作用的生态系统
定语从句：
that accompanies us throughout life
从句译文：
终生与我们相伴
解析：
现在分词短语引出结果，that引导定语从句修饰ecosystem。
句子打破大众固有认知，用对比数据引出主题，层次舒缓，是科普常用开篇写法。
句子：
When the microbial community loses its natural balance,
a condition called dysbiosis occurs.
Dysbiosis has been linked with digestive disorders,
metabolic diseases, allergic conditions
and even some mood-related health problems.
时间状语从句：
When the microbial community loses its natural balance
从句译文：
当微生物群落失去原有平衡
主干1：
a condition called dysbiosis occurs
主干1译文：
出现菌群失调的状态
主干2：
Dysbiosis has been linked with digestive disorders, metabolic diseases,
allergic conditions and even some mood-related health problems
主干2译文：
菌群失调和消化道疾病、代谢类疾病、过敏问题，
以及部分情绪相关健康问题存在关联
解析：
被动短语has been linked with客观陈述科研关联，
不做绝对化定论，符合科学严谨性；并列名词逐项列举相关病症，条理清晰。
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