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世界经典文学精选. 23

Politics and the English Language《政治与英语》

作者:George Orwell 乔治·奥威尔

选自乔治·奥威尔《Politics and the English Language》

《政治与英语》——1946年发表

英文原文

Most people who bother with the matter

at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way,

but it is generally assumed that we

cannot by conscious action do anything about it.

Our civilization is decadent and our language —

so the argument runs —

must inevitably share in the general collapse.

It follows that any struggle against the

abuse of language is a sentimental archaism,

like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes.

Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth

and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes.

Now, it is clear that the decline of a

language must ultimately have political and economic causes:

it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer.

But an effect can become a cause,

reinforcing the original cause

and producing the same effect in an intensified form,

and so on indefinitely.

A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure,

and then fail all the more completely because he drinks.

It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language.

It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish,

but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.

The point is that the process is reversible.

Modern English,

especially written English,

is full of bad habits which spread by imitation

and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble.

If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly,

and to think clearly is a necessary first step toward political regeneration:

so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous

and is not the exclusive concern of professional writers.

I will come back to this presently,

and I hope that by that time the

meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer.

In our time it is broadly true that political writing is bad writing.

Where it is not true,

it will generally be found that the writer is some kind of rebel,

expressing his private opinions and not a “party line.”

Orthodoxy,

of whatever colour,

seems to demand a lifeless, imitative style.

The political dialects to be found in pamphlets,

leading articles,

manifestoes,

White papers and the speeches of undersecretaries do,

of course, vary from party to party,

but they are all alike in that one almost never finds in them a fresh,

vivid, homemade turn of speech.

译文

但凡会留意这个问题的大多数人都会承认,

英语的状况堪忧,

但人们普遍认为,

依靠主观自觉的行动对此无能为力。

我们的文明走向衰败,

于是有观点认为,我们的语言必然会一同走向崩塌。

由此推论,任何抵制语言滥用的努力,

都只是多愁善感的复古怀旧,

好比偏爱烛光而舍弃电灯,留恋马车而拒绝飞机。

这背后潜藏着一种半无意识的观念:语言是自然生长的产物,

而非我们为达成自身目的所塑造的工具。

显而易见,语言的衰败,

归根结底一定存在政治与经济层面的根源:

它并不仅仅是某个作家带来的不良影响。

然而结果也可以转化成原因,

不断强化最初的诱因,并且加剧同类恶果,

如此循环往复,永无止境。

一个人或许因为自认一事无成而酗酒,

而后又因为酗酒,彻底一败涂地。

英语正在经历的,大抵就是这样的情况。

因为我们的思想愚昧,语言才变得粗陋、失准;

而语言的潦草混乱,又会让我们更容易产生愚昧的想法。

关键在于,这个过程是可以逆转的。

现代英语,

尤其是书面英语,

充斥着各种因模仿而流传开来的陋习,

只要愿意费心,这些陋习完全可以规避。

倘若摆脱这些恶习,人的思考便能更加清晰,

而清晰思考,正是政治革新必要的第一步:

因此,对抗拙劣的英语并非无意义之举,

也绝非专职作家才需要关心的事。

稍后我会再来探讨这个观点,

希望到那时,我此番话语的含义会更加明晰。

在我们这个时代,大体上可以说,

政论文字往往都是糟糕的文字。

但凡例外,

你通常会发现作者属于某种反叛者,

表达个人观点,而非照搬“政党路线”。

任何一种正统教条,无论属于哪一派别,

似乎都要求一种毫无生气、一味模仿的文风。

在宣传册、社论、宣言、

白皮书以及政务次官的演说里见到的各类政治话术,

固然会随政党不同而有所差别,

但它们有一点完全一致:

你几乎在里面找不到鲜活生动、发自本心的表达。

🔍长难句赏析与拆解

原句:Most people who bother with the matter

at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way,

but it is generally assumed that we

cannot by conscious action do anything about it.

句式解读:

who引导定语从句修饰先行词Most people;

that引导宾语从句,作为admit的宾语;

后半句it作形式主语,

that从句是真正主语;

by conscious action是插入方式状语。

句子主干:

Most people admit English is poor,

but people think we cannot change it on purpose.

文学赏析:

开篇先摆出大众普遍持有的观点,

先树立反面论调,为后文反驳铺垫。

句子结构平稳克制,以理性探讨的口吻切入议题,

开门见山抛出全文核心讨论对象:

英语语言的衰败危机,奠定全文思辨、冷静说理的基调。

写作迁移点拨:

适用于思辨类议论文,讨论习惯、语言、思想相互影响主题段落。

仿写:Most people who think about this

problem would admit that social customs are slowly changing,

but it is commonly believed that we cannot guide the trend by deliberate effort.

原句:It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish,

but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.

句式解读:

because引导原因状语从句;

but连接并列分句;

后半句使用make it +adj.+for sb to do结构,

it是形式宾语,

真正宾语是后面不定式to have foolish thoughts。

句子主干:

Foolish thoughts spoil language, and messy language encourages foolish thoughts.

文学赏析:

这是全文流传千古的核心金句。

清晰揭示思想与语言互相作用、彼此败坏的循环关系,

简洁有力,逻辑锋利。奥威尔没有用晦涩术语,

用简短直白的句子点明二者双向影响,一针见血,极具说服力。

写作迁移点拨:

适用于习惯与思维、表达与认知主题升华句。

仿写:It becomes weak and disordered because our minds are lazy,

but the laziness of our expression makes it easier for us to keep lazy minds.

📝全篇句式特点

本文选自乔治·奥威尔经典散文《Politics and the English Language》,

是20世纪英美散文、文学批评名篇。

文风冷静锐利,充满理性批判,

大量使用定语从句、形式主语、

并列转折复合句,长句层层推演,逻辑严密。

文章逻辑层层递进:

开篇提出大众观点:

语言衰败是文明衰落的必然结果,人力无法改变→

反驳该看法,点明语言衰败有政治经济根源,

并且思想和语言互相影响,恶性循环,但过程可以逆转→

提出现代书面英语充满不良表达习惯,

改正语言习惯可以澄清思想,关乎政治革新→

批判时代的政论写作,指出正统教条催生僵化、

无生命力的套话语言。

句式大量使用定语从句、形式主语宾语结构、

原因状语从句、并列转折长句;

长短句交错,论证环环相扣,

没有华丽写景辞藻,依靠严谨逻辑直击问题本质,

适合议论文赏析,犀利金句可直接摘抄,

用于语言、思想、独立思考、

拒绝套话与盲从类英语作文。

核心词汇

1. decadent

/ˈdekədənt/

衰败的,颓废的

形容词 (adj.)

2. archaism

/ˈɑːkeɪɪzəm/

古旧用语,复古守旧

名词 (n.)

3. instrument

/ˈɪnstrəmənt/

工具,手段

名词 (n.)

4. slovenliness

/ˈslʌvnlinəs/

潦草,粗劣,不严谨

名词 (n.)

5. reversible

/rɪˈvɜːsəbl/

可逆转的

形容词 (adj.)

6. imitation

/ˌɪmɪˈteɪʃn/

模仿,效仿

名词 (n.)

7. regeneration

/rɪˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/

革新,重生

名词 (n.)

8. orthodoxy

/ˈɔːθədɒksi/

正统观念,教条

名词 (n.)

9. manifesto

/ˌmænɪˈfestəʊ/

宣言,声明

名词 (n.)

10. dialect

/ˈdaɪəlekt/

用语,方言,特定话术

名词 (n.)

💡主旨品读

《政治与英语》是奥威尔1946年发表的著名文论。

奥威尔认为语言不只是被动反映思想,

语言反过来会塑造人的思考方式。

空洞、模糊、程式化的政治套话,

会模糊真相,麻痹人的独立思考。

很多人认为语言退化不可阻挡,奥威尔提出反驳:

思想愚昧会污染语言,而粗糙的语言又会催生愚昧的思想,

但这个恶性循环能够被打破。

认真锤炼文字,拒绝陈腐套话,

就是让思想变得清晰的第一步。

文章批判政客用晦涩模糊的话术掩盖真相,

警示人们警惕僵化语言对独立思考的侵蚀。

适合语言力量、独立思考、

拒绝盲从、文字真诚等写作主题,

论证严密,观点深刻,非常适合摘抄赏析。

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