由 英语数字智库 世界经典文学精选. 54
Crime and Punishment《罪与罚》
作者：Fyodor Dostoevsky 费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基
选自费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基《Crime and Punishment》《罪与罚》
原著为俄语，本文是英文译本；1866年首次连载发表。
英文原文
He was a young man,
not more than twenty-three or four,
thin and slender,
fair-haired,
with fine features.
He was so badly dressed
that another man,
even one accustomed to rags,
would have been ashamed to go out in such clothes by daylight.
His room was under the roof of a high house,
and was more like a cupboard than a room.
It was tiny,
low,
and sloping,
with yellow,
grimy,
torn wallpaper.
The ceiling was leaking,
and the furniture was scanty:
an old wooden bed,
a table,
and one chair.
Raskolnikov had sunk into deep poverty.
For a long time he had eaten almost nothing.
His landlady had stopped giving him meals,
and threatened to throw him out of the garret for unpaid rent.
Yet he was not driven by hunger alone.
A strange,
dark idea had begun to grow and take root in his mind,
an idea that terrified him,
yet drew him irresistibly.
He had come to believe that there were two kinds of men in the world:
ordinary men,
who must obey the law,
and extraordinary men,
who have the right to break through moral rules
for the sake of a greater purpose.
These extraordinary men,
he thought,
may commit crimes,
and they will not feel guilt,
because their acts serve humanity’s progress.
He tested this theory again and again in his thoughts.
If he were one of those great men,
then the murder of the old pawnbroker,
a cruel,
useless woman who exploited the poor,
would not be a sin.
It would only be a small step toward justice.
Still,
his heart trembled.
Reason told him one thing,
but his whole human nature cried out against the terrible plan.
He walked slowly through the crowded,
stinking streets of St. Petersburg.
The heat was suffocating.
The noise,
the people,
the dirt,
all pressed heavy on his tired mind.
He kept asking himself the same question:
Am I a man who dares to act,
or am I only a coward like everyone else?
译文
他是一个年轻人，
不过二十三四岁，
身形单薄消瘦，
头发浅淡，
五官清秀。
他衣衫破烂不堪，
换作旁人，
就算早已习惯衣衫褴褛，
也会羞于在白天穿着这样的衣服出门。
他的房间在一栋高楼的阁楼之下，
与其说是一间屋子，
不如说是一个储物柜。
房间狭小逼仄，
屋顶低矮倾斜，
贴着泛黄、肮脏、破损的墙纸。
天花板渗水，
家具寥寥无几：
一张老旧木床，
一张桌子，
还有一把椅子。
拉斯柯尔尼科夫深陷赤贫。
很长一段时间里，他几乎食不果腹。
房东不再给他提供饭菜，
还扬言要因为拖欠房租，把他赶出这间阁楼。
但驱使他的并不只是饥饿。
一个怪异、阴暗的念头，
已经在他心中滋生扎根，
这个念头令他恐惧，
却又不可抗拒地吸引着他。
他渐渐相信，世上分为两种人：
普通人，必须遵守法律；
不平凡的人，为了更宏大的目标，
拥有冲破道德准则的权利。
他认为，这些不平凡的人，
可以犯下罪行，却不会感到愧疚，
因为他们的行为服务于人类的进步。
他在脑海中反复推演这套理论。
倘若他属于那些伟人之一，
那么杀死那个放高利贷的老太婆——
一个压榨穷人、刻薄无用的女人，
便算不上罪孽。
这仅仅是迈向正义的一小步。
即便如此，他的内心依旧震颤。
理智告诉他一套道理，
但完整的人性本能，
却强烈抗拒这个可怕的计划。
他缓慢行走在圣彼得堡拥挤、恶臭的街道。
闷热令人窒息。
喧嚣、人群、尘土，
全都沉重压迫着他疲惫的思绪。
他不断追问自己同一个问题：
我是敢于行动的人，
还是和所有人一样，只是懦夫？
🔍长难句赏析与拆解
原句：
He was a young man,
not more than twenty-three or four,
thin and slender,
fair-haired,
with fine features.
句式解读：主句为主系表结构。
后面连续多个形容词短语作后置定语，
还有with介词短语补充外貌特征，
用来修饰a young man。
多个并列形容词短句，分开罗列外貌，
不用长从句堆砌，画面感层层铺展。
句子主干：
He was a young man who was around twenty-three or twenty-four years old.
He was slim, blonde and handsome.
文学赏析：
作者开篇简洁勾勒拉斯柯尔尼科夫外貌。
外表清秀单薄，和他内心疯狂黑暗的想法形成强烈反差。
外在看起来只是一个普通贫苦青年，内心却酝酿杀人理论。
这种反差是陀思妥耶夫斯基的写作特点：
邪恶的想法不一定来自面目凶恶之人，
普通人内心也会产生可怕的思想。
写作迁移点拨：
适用于人物外貌描写，外表与内心反差、人物形象塑造类段落。
仿写：
She was a young girl,
not more than sixteen or seventeen,
quiet and gentle,
dark-haired,
with soft eyes.
仿写运用思路：
完全复刻主句 + 多个并列形容词后置 +
with外貌补充结构，适合人物肖像描写。
原句：
Yet he was not driven by hunger alone.
A strange,
dark idea had begun to grow and take root in his mind,
an idea that terrified him,
yet drew him irresistibly.
句式解读：
第一句被动语态be driven by，点明动机来源。
第二句主句核心：
an idea had begun to grow and take root；
an idea是同位语，重复指代前面的dark idea；
that引导限制性定语从句修饰第二个idea，
从句内部yet转折，
写出矛盾感受：念头既让他害怕，又吸引着他。
句子主干：
But hunger was not his only motivation.
A weird dark thought started to develop inside his mind.
This thought frightened him,
yet he could not resist its pull.
文学赏析：
这一段点明故事核心冲突。贫穷只是表层原因，
真正困住主角的是一套扭曲的思想。
“恐惧又无法抗拒”精准写出思想对人的绑架。
拉斯柯尔尼科夫主动构建理论，
又被理论折磨，展现思想对人的奴役。
写作迁移点拨：
适用于内心矛盾、执念与挣扎、
思想的诱惑、内心博弈类段落。
仿写：
Yet she was not moved by curiosity alone.
A faint,
old memory had begun to wake and unfold in her heart,
a memory that saddened her,
yet called her gently.
仿写运用思路：
复刻被动句 + 主句 + 同位语 +
that定语从句 + yet转折结构，适合心理描写。
原句：
He had come to believe that there were two kinds of men in the world:
ordinary men,
who must obey the law,
and extraordinary men,
who have the right to break through moral rules
for the sake of a greater purpose.
句式解读：
that引导宾语从句，作believe的宾语；冒号后面并列两类人。
两处who引导限制性定语从句，
分别修饰ordinary men和extraordinary men。
for the sake of是介词短语作目的状语，
解释打破道德规则的理由。
整句把主角的核心哲学观点分层展开，逻辑清晰。
句子主干：
He believed human beings fell into two categories.
Ordinary people must follow laws.
Extraordinary people can break moral principles to achieve greater goals.
文学赏析：
这是全书拉斯柯尔尼科夫理论的核心。
他人为把人划分等级，认为伟人可以凌驾道德法律。
陀思妥耶夫斯基在这里埋下批判：
任何人都没有权利凭借自己心中所谓“崇高目标”践踏生命。
这套理论看似理性宏大，本质是自我欺骗。
写作迁移点拨：
适用于思辨段落，讨论道德边界、
个人理想与底线、对错思辨类议论文段落。
仿写：
He had come to understand that there were two kinds of pursuit in life:
simple pursuit,
who must respect boundaries,
and noble pursuit,
which should never sacrifice goodness
for the sake of a final success.
仿写运用思路：
复刻宾语从句 + 冒号并列主体 +
双重who定语从句 + for the sake of目的状语，适合哲理论述。
📝全篇句式特点
《罪与罚》选段，是典型俄国现实主义心理小说写法。
长短句交错，大量同位语、
后置形容词短语、定语从句、宾语从句。
不只是写环境和事件，重点深入人物内心独白，展现思想冲突。
行文逻辑层层递进：
描写拉斯柯尔尼科夫的外貌；
刻画他破败狭小的阁楼居所与极端贫困处境；
说明贫穷不是全部根源，一个黑暗念头在心中扎根；
介绍他那套“平凡人与非凡者”的理论；
他反复推演，试图合理化谋杀行为；
理智与人性本能产生激烈对抗；
他行走在闷热肮脏的城市街头，不断拷问自我。
核心词汇
1. slender
/ˈslendə(r)/
苗条的，纤细的
形容词 (adj.)
2. garret
/ˈɡærət/
阁楼
名词 (n.)
3. scanty
/ˈskænti/
稀少的，不足的
形容词 (adj.)
4. pawnbroker
/ˈpɔːnbrəʊkə(r)/
放高利贷者，当铺老板
名词 (n.)
5. exploit
/ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
剥削，压榨
动词 (v.)
6. irresistibly
/ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbli/
无法抗拒地
副词 (adv.)
7. extraordinary
/ɪkˈstrɔːdnri/
非凡的
形容词 (adj.)
8. moral
/ˈmɒrəl/
道德的
形容词 (adj.)
9. suffocating
/ˈsʌfəkeɪtɪŋ/
令人窒息的
形容词 (adj.)
10. sin
/sɪn/
罪孽
名词 (n.)
11. theory
/ˈθɪəri/
理论
名词 (n.)
12. coward
/ˈkaʊəd/
懦夫
名词 (n.)
💡主旨品读
《罪与罚》这一段，交代拉斯柯尔尼科夫犯罪前的思想状态。
青年拉斯柯尔尼科夫困于贫穷，更困于一套危险的哲学幻想。
他幻想存在一类“非凡之人”，
可以为宏大理想越过道德底线，剥夺他人生命。
陀思妥耶夫斯基借这个人物警示：
道德和法律，不是只约束普通人的枷锁。
生命平等，没有人可以自封伟人，
擅自审判、夺取别人生命。
主角最大的灾难，不只是贫穷，
而是思想上的狂妄。
后续故事里，罪行带来的不是胜利，
而是无尽精神折磨、良心煎熬。
适合思想的陷阱、道德底线、自我审视、
狂妄与谦卑、理论与人性、良知等作文主题。
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