了解更多定语与定语从句解析目录
一、语法定义
that、which、who均为定语从句关系代词;who只指代人,which只指代物,that既可指代人也可指代物。
三者能否省略,只看它在从句中充当主语还是宾语,规则固定清晰。
二、分代词讲解
一、who:仅指代人
先行词是人,在从句中作主语或者宾语。
1.who在从句作主语:不可省略,必须保留。
例句:The man who helped me is my teacher.
译文:帮助我的那个人是我的老师。
解析:who在从句中作主语,不能删掉。
❌错误句子:The man helped me is my teacher.
译文:帮助我的那个人是我的老师。
错误解析:who作主语,不可省略。
✅正确句式:The man who helped me is my teacher.
2.who在从句作宾语:可以省略,正式写法可用whom。
例句:The student who we met yesterday is good at English.
译文:我们昨天见到的那个学生英语很好。
解析:who作met的宾语,可以省略。
✅可省略写法:The student we met yesterday is good at English.
二、which:仅指代事物、物品
先行词是物,在从句作主语或者宾语。
1.which在从句作主语:绝对不能省略。
例句:The book which lies on the desk is very useful.
译文:桌子上的这本书很有用。
解析:which作从句主语,无法省略。
❌错误句子:The book lies on the desk is very useful.
错误解析:which作主语不可省略。
✅正确句式:The book which lies on the desk is very useful.
2.which在从句作宾语:可以直接省略。
例句:The pen which I bought yesterday works well.
译文:我昨天买的这支钢笔很好用。
解析:which作bought的宾语,可以省略。
✅省略后:The pen I bought yesterday works well.
三、that:通用代词,既可指人,也可指物
用法和who(指人)、which(指物)基本一致,省略规则相同:作主语不省略,作宾语可省略。
1.that指人,作主语,不可省略
例句:The woman that stands there is our head teacher.
译文:站在那边的女士是我们班主任。that作主语,不能去掉。
2.that指物,作宾语,可以省略
例句:The bag that I lost has been found.
译文:我弄丢的书包已经找到了。that作宾语,可省略:The bag I lost has been found.
三、只能用that、不能用which的几种固定情况(重点)
遇到下面情形,指物只能用that,不能用which,且作主语时不可省略:
1.先行词被all、everything、nothing等不定代词修饰;
例句:All that he said is true.
译文:他所说的一切都是真的。只能用that,不可用which。
2.先行词被序数词、最高级修饰;
例句:This is the best book that I have ever read.
译文:这是我读过最好的书,只能用that。
四、只能用which,不能用that的情况
介词后面,指物只能用which,不可用that,which不可省略。
例句:This is the house in which we lived last year.
译文:这就是我们去年居住的房子。介词in之后,只能用which。
五、统一省略规则总结
1.关系代词在定语从句中充当主语:who/which/that一律不可省略;
2.关系代词在定语从句中充当动词的宾语:who、which、that都可以省略;
3.介词后面的which,不能省略,也不能换成that。
❌错误句子:All he told me it is important.
译文:他告诉我的所有事情都很重要。
错误解析:that作told的宾语已经省略,从句不能再加it。
✅正确句式:All he told me is important.
知识要点总结:
who只指人,which只指物,that人、物通用;三者作从句主语时均不可省略,作从句宾语时均可省略;
介词之后指物只用which,不能用that;先行词有不定代词、最高级、序数词修饰时,一律用that,不用which。
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