由 英语智库 了解更多托福：自然科学综合词汇目录
一、基本含义
这个时态是以过去的某个时间点作为观察基准，描述站在过去的视角去预判：在那之后的某个将来时间节点之前，
会一直持续进行的动作。动作会从更早的时段开始，延续到过去视角下的未来时刻，侧重突出动作漫长的持续过程。
大多用在宾语从句、间接引语里，用来转述过去某人对后续长期行为的预估。
二、基础构成结构
公式：would / should + have been + 动词-ing形式
主语匹配规则
would 可以搭配全部人称的主语；should 仅能搭配第一人称 I、We，日常口语中would使用范围更广。
动词-ing变形规则
普通动词直接加ing：draw – drawing、work – working
单词以不发音的e结尾，去掉e再加ing：dance-dancing、write-writing
重读闭音节单词，双写末尾辅音字母后加ing：run-running、swim-swimming
基础示范句
He said he would have been learning piano for four years by the next summer.
译文：他当时说，到第二年夏天，他学钢琴就满四年了。
We thought we should have been waiting for the bus for an hour by six o’clock that evening.
译文：我们那时候想着，到当晚六点，我们等公交车就满一小时了。
三、四大标准句式
肯定陈述句
She told me she would have been planting trees for three weeks by the end of that month.
译文：她跟我说，到那个月月底，她种树就持续三周了。
He supposed his sister would have been practicing dancing for half a year by the school art show.
译文：他觉得等到校园艺术节的时候，他妹妹练舞就满半年了。
否定陈述句
直接在would、should后面加not，缩写形式为wouldn’t、shan’t
She told me she would not have been planting trees for three weeks by the end of that month.
译文：她跟我说，到那个月月底，她种树还不足三周。
He supposed his sister wouldn’t have been practicing dancing for half a year by the school art show.
译文：他觉得等到校园艺术节的时候，他妹妹练舞还没满半年。
一般疑问句
把would或者should放到句子开头，该句式多用于间接转述他人提出的疑问
He asked if I would have been hiking for two days by the time we reached the mountain village.
译文：他问我，等我们抵达山村的时候，徒步是不是就持续两天了。
肯定回答：Yes, I would.
译文：是的，会的。
否定回答：No, I wouldn’t.
译文：不会。
She wondered if we would have been tidying the office for an hour before the manager returned.
译文：她好奇经理回来之前，我们整理办公室会不会满一小时。
肯定回答：Yes, we would.
译文：是的，会的。
否定回答：No, we wouldn’t.
译文：不会。
特殊疑问句
句首放置特殊疑问词，后半部分使用一般疑问语序
He asked how long I would have been hiking by the time we got to the mountain village.
译文：他问我，到山村时我已经徒步多久了。
She wondered how long they would have been fixing the road by that weekend.
译文：她想知道到那个周末为止，他们修路会持续多长时间。
四、核心适用场景
1. 转述过去的想法、话语，预判过去视角下未来节点前的持续性动作
句子主句谓语动词多为过去式，比如said、thought、told、wondered，常搭配by引出过去视角里的未来时间，
for、since标注动作时长。
例句：My dad said he would have been repairing the old bike for a whole week by the following Sunday.
译文：爸爸说，到下个周日，他修这辆旧自行车就整整一周了。
2. 虚拟语气场景，描述过去未曾实现的长期设想
假设过去满足某一条件，原本会持续进行一段长时间的动作，可实际并没有发生。
例句：If we had set off earlier, we would have been driving for five hours by noon that day.
译文：如果我们当初早点出发，到那天中午就已经开了五小时的车（事实是出发晚了，没能持续开五小时）。
3. 预估过去视角的未来时刻，长期动作带来的客观状态
依靠长时间持续的动作，预判届时会出现的疲惫、环境变化等结果。
例句：She knew her eyes would be sore. She would have been reading textbooks all night by midnight.
译文：她清楚自己的眼睛会酸痛，到午夜时分她已经看了一整晚课本。
五、高频易错点
错误句子：He said he will have been reading novels for 3 hours by ten that night.
译文：他说那晚十点前，他看小说就满三小时了。
错误原因：主句动词为过去式said，从句需要匹配过去视角，will要改为would。
正确句子：He said he would have been reading novels for 3 hours by ten that night.
译文：他说那晚十点前，他看小说就满三小时了。
错误句子：They would have been play volleyball for a month by the game day.
译文：到比赛那天，他们练排球就满一个月了。
错误原因：have been后必须搭配动词-ing形式，不能使用动词原形。
正确句子：They would have been playing volleyball for a month by the game day.
译文：到比赛那天，他们练排球就满一个月了。
错误句子：Shall we have been learning painting for a year by the next spring?
译文：到明年春天，我们学画画就满一年了吗？
错误原因：本句是站在过去预判后续的事，不能用shall，要更换为would。
正确句子：We thought we would have been learning painting for a year by the next spring.
译文：我们当时想着，到第二年春天我们学画画就满一年了。
错误句子：I thought she would have been know him for two years by that holiday.
译文：我以为到那个假期，她认识他就满两年了。
错误原因：know属于静态状态动词，没有持续进行的动作属性，不能用于完成进行时。
修改方案：I thought she would have known him for two years by that holiday.
译文：我以为到那个假期，她认识他就满两年了。
六、拓展例句
The guide said the tourists would have been climbing the hill for four hours by sunset that day.
译文：导游说，到当天日落的时候，游客们爬山就持续四小时了。
知识要点总结：
1. 基础结构：所有人称通用would have been + 动词-ing；
第一人称I、We书面场景可选用should have been + 动词-ing。
2. 核心用法：一是转述过去的言语与想法，预判过去视角下未来节点前的持续动作；
二是虚拟语气中表达过去落空的长期计划；三是预判长期动作在过去视角的未来时刻产生的状态。
3. 句式变换规则：否定句直接在would/should后加not，疑问句将would/should前置，
have been与动词-ing的组合固定不变。
4. 补充注意事项：like、know、own、believe这类静态动词不能用于本时态；句子常搭配by、for、since、
how long等表时长、时间节点的词汇。
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