On the Decay of the Art of Lying

《论撒谎艺术的衰落》

作者:Mark Twain 马克·吐温

宣读日期:1880‑04‑05(哈特福德)

首次结集出版:1882 年

收录于文集《The Stolen White Elephant, Etc.》

收录说明:原为俱乐部宣读稿,后收入该杂文集

创作背景:

这是一篇讽刺随笔。

马克·吐温以一本正经、郑重其事的口吻,

讨论“撒谎”这门正在衰败的技艺。

他并不是鼓吹恶意欺骗。

他讽刺镀金时代虚伪的道德说教:

世人一边严厉谴责谎言,

一边又在社交里不断使用客套式善意谎言;

可当代人连善意的谎言都讲得粗笨、拙劣,

要么自私伤人,要么笨拙难堪。

文章的核心,是借“为撒谎艺术哀叹”的反讽外壳,

拷问社会道德的双重标准:

伤人的真话,未必比善意的谎言更高尚。

他主张,善意的谎言是文明社交的一部分,

应当审慎、仁慈、优雅,为他人着想,而非利己害人。

英文原文

My complaint simply concerns the decay of the art of lying.

No high-minded man,

no man of right feeling,

can contemplate the lumbering and slovenly lying of the present day

without grieving to see a noble art so prostituted.

Joking aside,

I think there is much need of wise examination

into what sorts of lies are best and wholesomest to be indulged,

seeing we must all lie and we do all lie,

and what sorts it may be best to avoid.

Children and fools always speak the truth.

The inference is plain:

adults and sensible people do not speak the truth.

That is not praise for lying,

it is merely a statement of fact.

Courtesy itself is built upon charitable lies.

When you meet a sick friend,

you say “I hope you are better”,

not because you are deeply anxious,

but because it is the gentle, humane thing to say.

That is a lie,

but it is not a base one.

It is the cement that holds polite society together.

I think that all this courteous lying is a sweet and loving art,

and should be cultivated.

The highest perfection of politeness

is only a beautiful edifice,

built, from the base to the dome,

of graceful and gilded forms of charitable and unselfish lying.

What I bemoan is the growing prevalence of the brutal truth.

Let us do what we can to eradicate it.

An injurious truth has no merit over an injurious lie.

Neither should ever be uttered.

The man who speaks an injurious truth

lest his soul be not saved if he do otherwise,

should reflect that that sort of a soul

is not strictly worth saving.

The man who tells a lie to help a poor devil out of trouble,

is one of whom the angels doubtless say,

“Lo, here is an heroic soul

who casts his own welfare in jeopardy to succor his neighbor’s;

let us exalt this magnanimous liar.”

An injurious lie is an uncommendable thing;

and so, also, and in the same degree,

is an injurious truth —

a fact that is recognized by the law of libel.

Among other common lies,

we have the silent lie —

the deception which one conveys by simply keeping still

and allowing an error to go on.

Many people confine themselves to this form of lying,

because it is safe and easy.

They do not speak a false word,

they merely hold their tongue.

Yet it is still a lie,

and often it is the meanest of all lies.

The lazy liar does not study his craft.

He lies clumsily,

without care for the pain he may bring.

The old masters of this art lied thoughtfully,

with mercy, with taste,

and always with a clear purpose:

to heal, to comfort, to preserve harmony.

The modern liar lies carelessly,

for petty gain,

or to escape small trouble,

or merely out of habit.

That is the decay I mourn.

The wise thing is for us diligently to train ourselves

to lie thoughtfully, judiciously;

to lie with a good object, and not an evil one;

to lie for others’ advantage, and not our own;

to lie healingly, charitably, humanely,

not cruelly, hurtfully, maliciously;

to lie gracefully and graciously,

not awkwardly and clumsily;

to lie firmly, frankly, squarely, with head erect,

not haltingly, tortuously, with pusillanimous mien,

as being ashamed of our high calling.

Then, and only then,

will this ancient and noble art be saved.

Otherwise,

it will sink lower and lower,

until it becomes nothing but a dirty trick,

and loses all its dignity and its gentle power.

Truth is a precious thing,

but it is not the only thing.

Mercy is precious too,

and mercy sometimes asks us not to speak the bare, raw truth.

译文

我所感慨的,只是撒谎这门技艺的衰落。

但凡心智高尚、感知正常的人,

看见如今粗笨潦草、毫无章法的谎言,

都会为一门高贵技艺被如此糟蹋而痛心。

不开玩笑地说,

我们确实需要审慎分辨:

哪些谎言可以适度包容,有益无害,

毕竟人人都会说谎、也一直在说谎;

哪些谎言,我们应当竭力避开。

孩童与愚者永远讲真话。

推论显而易见:

心智成熟的成年人,不会句句都说真话。

这句话并非赞美谎言,

只是陈述一个事实。

礼貌本身,就建立在善意的谎言之上。

当你探望生病的友人,

你会说“愿你早日好转”,

未必是发自内心的焦灼挂念,

只是因为这是温柔、合乎人道的选择。

这是一句谎言,

却绝非卑劣的谎言。

它是维系文明社交的粘合剂。

我认为,这类出于礼貌的善意谎言,

是一门温柔美好的技艺,值得悉心修习。

极致的礼仪,

就像一座华美宏伟的建筑,

从地基到穹顶,

全部由优雅、体面、无私的善意谎言构筑而成。

我真正哀叹的,是伤人的真话越来越泛滥。

我们应当尽力抵制这种风气。

伤人的真话,并不比伤人的谎言更高尚。

二者都不该被轻易说出。

有人为了保全自己的灵魂,

执意说出伤人的实话,

他应当想一想:

这样的灵魂,未必值得被拯救。

如果一个人说谎,是为了帮深陷困境的弱者解围,

天使们大概会这样评价他:

“看,这是一个崇高的灵魂,

甘愿置自身安危于不顾,去帮扶邻人;

让我们赞美这位宽仁的说谎者。”

恶意伤人的谎言,不值得称道;

同样,伤人的真话,也一样不堪——

诽谤法本身就承认这个道理。

还有一类很常见的谎言,是沉默之谎:

不必开口,仅仅保持缄默,

任由错误持续下去,以此蒙蔽他人。

很多人只愿意用这种方式说谎,

因为它安全省事。

他们不说一句假话,

只是闭口不言。

但这依旧是谎言,

而且往往是最卑劣的一种。

懒惰的说谎者不肯钻研这门技艺。

他的谎言笨拙粗糙,

毫不顾及会带给别人的痛苦。

从前精通这门技艺的人,说谎时深思熟虑,

心怀怜悯、懂得分寸,目标清晰:

抚慰伤痛、给予安慰、维系和睦。

而现代人随口撒谎,漫不经心,

只为一点微小私利,

或是逃避一点麻烦,

甚至仅仅出于习惯。

这就是我所痛惜的衰败。

明智的做法,是认真修习:

审慎、明智地说谎;

怀着良善目的,而非歹念;

为他人获益,而非成全自己;

带着治愈、慈悲、人道之心去说谎,

不残忍、不害人、不怀恶意;

优雅从容地去说,

不局促、不笨拙;

坦荡坚定,昂首无愧,

而不是支支吾吾、拐弯抹角,

一副怯懦羞愧的样子,

仿佛自己这高尚的使命见不得光。

唯有如此,

这门古老高贵的技艺才能留存。

如若不然,

它只会持续沉沦,

最后沦为肮脏的伎俩,

彻底失去尊严与温柔的力量。

真话固然珍贵,

但它不是唯一珍贵的东西。

慈悲同样珍贵,

而慈悲,有时要求我们不要直白道出残酷的真相。

🔍长难句赏析与拆解

原句1

The highest perfection of politeness

is only a beautiful edifice,

built, from the base to the dome,

of graceful and gilded forms of charitable and unselfish lying.

句式解析:

主干:The highest perfection of politeness is only a beautiful edifice.

built 是过去分词作后置定语,修饰edifice。

字面直译:礼仪的最高境界,只是一座华美建筑,

自地基到穹顶,都由优雅体面、无私善意的谎言构筑而成。

内涵:

这是全文反讽的核心句。

马克·吐温用宏大庄重的建筑比喻,

故意抬高“善意谎言”的地位,

讽刺虚伪的道德:

文明社交本身,就离不开委婉的包容,

绝对直白的真话,常常摧毁人与人之间的温情。

原句2

An injurious truth has no merit over an injurious lie.

句式解析:

主干非常简洁。

merit:价值、可取之处;

have no merit over:不比……更好、并不优于。

内涵:

这是文章最核心的论点。

他没有说真话是错的,

而是提出一个拷问:

评判一句话好坏,标准不是“它是不是真话”,

而是它会不会带来伤害。

伤人的真话,并不比伤人的谎言更高尚。

📖全篇句式特点

全文是一篇正式的俱乐部演讲稿,

整体语气庄重、一本正经,

和他想要表达的戏谑讽刺形成强烈反差,

这是马克吐温典型的反讽写法。

长短句交错:

长句铺陈道理、层层思辨;

短句抛出结论,干净有力。

文中区分了三类谎言:

善意礼貌之谎、恶意利己之谎、沉默不作为之谎。

作者反对的不是谎言本身,

而是粗糙、自私、伤人的谎言;

同时也反对打着“说真话”旗号肆意伤害他人。

整篇文章没有简单的对错定论,

引导读者跳出“真话=善,谎言=恶”的二元思维。

📜文学赏析

很多读者第一眼会误解:马克吐温在鼓吹撒谎。

恰恰相反,这篇文章是锋利的社会讽刺。

美国镀金时代的社会充斥道德伪善:

人们嘴上高喊诚实是美德,

日常社交里却一刻离不开客套与委婉;

同时又常常以“我只是实话实说”为借口,

肆意刻薄、伤害别人。

马克吐温故意把善意谎言抬高成一门“艺术”,

设置一个荒诞的标题:哀叹撒谎艺术衰落。

他真正批判的是两种虚伪:

第一,道德家双重标准,一边说谎一边审判他人;

第二,人们不再懂得体恤,把直白残酷当成“诚实”。

他区分了利他的慈悲谎言,和利己害人的欺骗。

善意谎言的内核是共情与包容,

而恶意欺骗的内核是自私。

这篇随笔的妙处,在于用反讽打破刻板道德,

让我们思考:道德的标尺,到底是话语本身,还是话语带来的结果。

💡主旨品读

这篇文章借“为撒谎艺术衰落而悲哀”的荒诞外壳,

探讨真相、善意、道德三者之间复杂的边界。

它拒绝简单的二元判断:

真话不等于善良,谎言不等于邪恶。

“诚实”不该成为伤害他人的盾牌。

真正的善良,需要审慎、体谅、节制。

如果真话会带来不必要的痛苦,

那么慈悲的委婉、善意的遮掩,

有时候是更人道的选择。

但这份委婉,绝不能变成谋取私利、加害他人的工具。

这就是马克吐温藏在戏谑文字之下严肃的人文思考。

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