了解更多:托福:社会科学词汇目录
作者:Herman Melville(赫尔曼·梅尔维尔)
英国首次出版:1851 年 10 月 18 日
伦敦 Richard Bentley,
三卷删节本,书名《The Whale》
美国首版:1851 年 11 月 14 日,纽约 Harper & Brothers,
单卷完整版,书名《Moby‑Dick; or, The Whale》
收录说明:初版为独立单行本,
后世通行本多以美国完整版为底本,收入经典文库与作者全集
创作背景:
《白鲸记》取材于梅尔维尔真实的捕鲸航海经历,
同时融合19世纪广为流传的大白鲸莫比迪克传说。
故事发生在捕鲸船“裴廓德号”上,
船长亚哈曾经被白鲸咬断一条腿,
他心中燃烧着偏执的仇恨,
放弃正常的捕鲸航行,带领全船不顾一切追捕白鲸。
大海既是生存的场所,也是宇宙神秘力量的象征。
小说借亚哈与白鲸的追逐,
探讨人类的狂妄、命运、善恶、自由意志与宿命,
交织冒险、哲学、宗教、自然思考,
是美国文学史上里程碑式的象征小说。

英文原文
Call me Ishmael.
Some years ago—never mind how long precisely—
having little or no money in my purse,
and nothing particular to interest me on shore,
I thought I would sail about a little
and see the watery part of the world.
It is a way I have of driving off the spleen,
and regulating the circulation.
Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth;
whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul;
whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses,
and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet;
and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me,
that it requires a strong moral principle
to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street,
and methodically knocking people’s hats off—
then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can.
This is my substitute for pistol and ball.
With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword;
I quietly take to the ship.
There is nothing surprising in this.
If they but knew it,
almost all men in their degree,
some time or other,
cherish very nearly the same feelings towards the ocean with me.
There now is your insular city of the Manhattoes,
belted round by wharves as Indian isles by coral reefs—
commerce surrounds it with her surf.
Right and left, the streets take you waterward.
Its extreme downtown is the battery,
where that noble mole is washed by waves,
and cooled by breezes,
which a few hours before were out of sight of land.
Look at the crowds of water-gazers there.
Circumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon.
Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip,
and from thence, by Whitehall, northward.
What do you see?
Posted like silent sentinels all around the town,
stand thousands upon thousands of mortal men
fixed in ocean reveries.
Some leaning against the spiles;
some seated upon the pier-heads;
some looking over the bulwarks of ships from China;
some high aloft in the rigging,
as if striving to get a still better seaward peep.
But these are all landsmen;
of week days pent up in lath and plaster—
tied to counters, nailed to benches, clinched to desks.
How then is this?
Are the green fields gone?
What do they here?
But look! here come more crowds,
pacing straight for the water,
and seemingly bound for a dive.
Strange!
Nothing will content them but the extremest limit of the land;
loitering under the shady lee of yonder warehouses
will not suffice.
No.
They must get just as nigh the water as they possibly can
without falling in.
And there they stand—miles of them—leagues.
Inlanders all, they come from lanes and alleys,
streets and avenues—north, east, south, and west.
Yet here they all unite.
Tell me, does the magnetic virtue of the needles
of the compasses of all those ships
attract them thither?
Or is it some secret yearning,
buried deep in the soul of every human being,
that draws us toward the vast, unfathomable sea?
Even the most timid soul,
at times,
feels that quiet longing to abandon the solid shore,
and float away into the endless blue mystery.
译文
叫我以实玛利吧。
很多年前——不必细究究竟是多久以前——
我囊中羞涩,身无余财,
岸上也没有什么事情能勾起我的兴致,
我便想着出海航行一阵子,
去看一看这世界上汪洋的那一面。
这是我排解忧郁、平复心绪的法子。
每当我嘴角不自觉地沉下去,面露阴郁;
每当我的心底,如同浸在潮湿阴雨的十一月里;
每当我不由自主地在棺材铺前驻足,
走在每一场葬礼队伍的末尾;
尤其是当我的忧郁症完全攫住我,
必须靠着强大的道德自制力,
才能克制自己冲到街上,
挨个掀掉路人帽子的冲动——
这时我便认定,我应当尽快出海。
这是我用来替代手枪与子弹的方式。
加图慷慨激昂,拔剑自刎;
而我,默默登上航船。
这并不稀奇。
倘若世人知晓,
几乎所有人,在人生的某个阶段,
心底都和我一样,对海洋怀有相似的情愫。
看那曼哈顿这座被水域环抱的城市,
码头环绕着它,如同珊瑚礁环绕印第安小岛——
商贸浪潮裹挟着它。
条条街道,不论左右,都通向水边。
城市最南端便是炮台,
宏伟的堤岸被海浪冲刷,海风徐徐吹拂,
几小时之前,这片海风还飘荡在看不见陆地的远海之上。
看看岸边那群凝望大海的人。
在一个梦幻的安息日午后,绕城漫步。
从科利尔角走到昆提斯码头,
再从那里经由怀特霍尔一路向北。
你会看见什么?
成千上万的凡人,如同静默的哨兵,
伫立在城市各处,沉浸在对海洋的遐想之中。
有人倚靠木桩;
有人坐在码头端头;
有人趴在中国商船的舷边眺望;
还有人高高攀在索具之上,
仿佛想要把大海看得更清楚。
可这些人本是陆地居民;
平日里困在木墙灰泥的房屋之中——
被柜台束缚,钉在长凳上,锁死在书桌前。
何以如此?
难道碧绿的田野消失了吗?
他们来此地,究竟为何?
可是看啊!又涌来一群人,
径直走向水边,
仿佛马上就要纵身跃入海中。
真是奇怪!
唯有陆地的尽头,才能让他们满足;
仅仅在仓库背风的阴凉处徘徊,远远不够。
不行。
他们要尽可能靠近海水,
只差一步,就会跌落进去。
他们就站在那里——绵延数里,一望无际。
这些人全都来自内陆,
来自大街小巷,来自四面八方。
可他们在此汇聚一处。
告诉我,是船上罗盘指针的磁力,
将他们吸引至此吗?
还是每一个人的灵魂深处,
都埋藏着一份隐秘的渴望,
牵引着我们走向浩瀚幽深的大海?
即便是最怯懦的灵魂,
在某些时刻,
也会生出这份安静的向往,想要离开坚实的陆地,
漂向无边无际的蓝色奥秘。
🔍长难句赏析与拆解
原句一
Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth;
whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul;
whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses,
and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet;
and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me,
that it requires a strong moral principle
to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street,
and methodically knocking people’s hats off—
then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can.
句式解读
本句由多个whenever引导并列时间状语从句,层层排比,
烘托压抑、沉闷的精神状态,
that引导结果状语从句,嵌套在最后一个分句内。
“a damp, drizzly November in my soul”是经典通感隐喻,
把内心的阴郁比作阴雨连绵的十一月。
以实玛利说出全书开篇的动机:
海洋是治愈精神苦闷的避难所。
排比节奏舒缓绵长,奠定全书沉思、宏大的基调。
句子主干
I account it high time to get to sea.
原句二
But these are all landsmen;
of week days pent up in lath and plaster—
tied to counters, nailed to benches, clinched to desks.
句式解读
分号隔开两个分句,后面一连三个过去分词短语并列,
属于省略结构,强化压迫感。
pent up意为被禁锢、被囚禁。
作者用tied、nailed、clinched三个动词,
夸张写出陆地人被日常工作牢牢捆绑、失去自由的处境,
解释人们奔赴海边凝望大海的缘由。
短句短促有力,对比海洋的辽阔自由。
句子主干
These are all landsmen.
📖全篇句式特点
选文是《白鲸记》开篇第一章,以第一人称以实玛利娓娓道来。
大量使用排比、平行结构、隐喻、通感,长短句交错,
时而舒缓抒情,时而简洁有力。
梅尔维尔没有直接切入捕鲸和亚哈的复仇故事,
先写普通人对大海与生俱来的精神向往,
铺垫海洋的象征意义:
海洋代表未知、自由、神秘,也暗藏危险。
文字兼具散文的诗意与哲思,
为后面亚哈疯狂的海上追逐埋下伏笔,
是全书象征体系的起点。
核心词汇
1. spleen
/spliːn/
忧郁,坏情绪
名词(n.)
2. drizzly
/ˈdrɪzli/
下毛毛雨的,阴雨的
形容词(adj.)
3. reverie
/ˈrevəri/
遐想,幻想
名词(n.)
4. bulwark
/ˈbʊlwək/
舷墙,船舷
名词(n.)
5. rigging
/ˈrɪɡɪŋ/
索具,帆缆
名词(n.)
6. unfathomable
/ʌnˈfæðəməbl/
深不可测的
形容词(adj.)
7. magnetic
/mæɡˈnetɪk/
有磁性的
形容词(adj.)
8. yearning
/ˈjɜːnɪŋ/
渴望,向往
名词(n.)
📜文学赏析
这一段是全书的引子,梅尔维尔借以实玛利之口,
写出人类心底共通的、对海洋的本能渴求。
陆地上的人被枯燥的工作、狭小的空间困住,
内心压抑苦闷,于是不约而同走向海岸。
大海不只是地理空间,
它是人类潜意识里对自由、未知、宏大奥秘的向往。
这段温和的沉思,和后文亚哈狂暴偏执的复仇形成强烈对照。
同样是奔赴大海,
以实玛利是寻求精神慰藉,
亚哈却是带着仇恨向命运宣战。
梅尔维尔在此悄悄埋下全书的核心矛盾:
人在自然面前,究竟是谦卑的追寻者,还是狂妄的挑战者。
💡主旨品读
开篇文字告诉我们:
海洋承载着人类逃离平庸现实的渴望。
陆地代表秩序、束缚、日复一日的劳作;
大海代表无限、神秘、超越日常的可能性。
但这份向往本身,也暗藏两面性:
它可以是温柔的精神救赎,
也可以演变成不计后果的执念。
亚哈之后的悲剧,正是这份对大海的渴望走向极端的结果。
梅尔维尔从普通人的淡淡乡愁写起,
慢慢把读者带入一个充满宿命、对抗、宏大哲思的海上世界。
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