了解更多:托福:医学类词汇目录
作者:Franz Kafka 弗朗茨·卡夫卡
首次出版:1918 年
首次收录于:《Die neue Dichtung》《新文学》(文学年鉴)
出版背景:奥匈(德语区),以文学年鉴刊载形式推出
收录说明:后收录于同名短篇集《Ein Landarzt》
《乡村医生》(1920 年 5 月)
创作背景:
《乡村医生》是卡夫卡经典的荒诞短篇小说。
故事以一名乡村医生深夜出诊的离奇遭遇为主线,
融合梦境、隐喻与超现实情节,
探讨现代职业人的无力、孤独与救赎的虚妄。
冰冷的乡村环境、失控的使命,
折射出人在责任裹挟之下无处逃离的精神困境。

英文原文
I was in great trouble.
An urgent journey lay ahead of me.
A serious patient was waiting in a village ten miles away.
A heavy snowstorm filled the whole countryside.
I had a carriage,
but my horse had died the night before from exhaustion.
My maid, Rosa, ran out to look for another horse all over the village.
She came back empty-handed,
her scarf fluttering in the biting wind.
I paced restlessly in the yard,
unable to set off.
The snow piled higher and higher,
the road stretched out into endless white silence.
Suddenly,
a strange knocking sound came from the pigsty.
I had never paid attention to that old shed before.
The door swung open,
and a groom stepped out,
accompanied by two magnificent powerful horses.
They were huge creatures,
their nostrils steaming in the freezing air.
“Master,” the groom said,
“shall I harness them for you?”
I could hardly believe my eyes.
“How did you get here?” I asked.
The groom did not answer directly.
He smiled and began to fit the horses to my carriage.
Rosa shrank back in fear.
The groom leaned toward her and whispered rough words.
I pulled him away at once.
I needed to hurry to the sick man,
yet I felt guilty for leaving Rosa alone with this strange man.
Before I could make up my mind,
the horses pulled the carriage forward at wild speed.
The snow fell thickly around me.
The horses knew the way by themselves,
rushing across the empty fields without hesitation.
Ten miles vanished in an instant.
Soon I arrived at the patient’s house.
The whole family crowded out to greet me,
holding lanterns that shook in the wind.
A young boy lay on the bed,
pale and feverish.
At first glance,
he seemed perfectly healthy.
There was no obvious wound,
no sign of deadly illness.
Then I leaned closer.
On his side,
a deep, open wound stretched across his flesh.
Inside the wound,
tiny worms wriggled in the soft red flesh.
The boy smiled weakly at me.
“Doctor, let me die,” he murmured.
The family stood around,
expecting me to heal him.
They watched every move I made.
I was a doctor,
supposed to bring cure and hope.
But I knew there was nothing I could do.
The wound was beyond all treatment.
I pretended to examine him carefully,
speaking empty words of comfort.
The family trusted my title,
yet I felt utterly helpless.
I had rushed through the storm,
risked everything,
only to face a suffering I could not relieve.
I slipped away from the bedroom.
The horses stood quietly outside the door.
I climbed back into the carriage.
The journey back was far slower.
The horses moved sluggishly through the snow.
I was stripped of my medical robe,
exposed to the bitter cold.
No one came to help me.
The village faded behind me.
I would never reach home.
The wrong call of duty dragged me into this endless, frozen wilderness.
A false promise of healing trapped me forever.
I had lost my way,
and there was no rescue anywhere.
译文
我陷入巨大的困境。
一场紧急出诊摆在眼前。
十里之外的村庄里,有一位危重病人正在等候。
猛烈的暴风雪笼罩整片乡野。
我本有一辆马车,
可我的马在前一夜已经力竭而死。
我的女仆罗莎,跑遍全村寻找新的马匹。
她空手而归,
围巾在刺骨寒风里翻飞。
我在院子里焦躁地踱步,
无法动身。
积雪越堆越厚,
道路向着茫茫雪白的寂静无限延伸。
忽然,
猪圈那边传来一阵奇怪的叩击声。
我从前从未留意这间破旧棚舍。
棚门猛地敞开,
一个马夫走了出来,
身后跟着两匹高大健壮的骏马。
它们身形魁梧,
鼻孔在寒气里喷着白汽。
“先生,”马夫开口,
“要我给您套上马吗?”
我几乎不敢相信自己的眼睛。
“你从哪里来的?”我问道。
马夫没有正面回答。
他笑着动手把马套上马车。
罗莎吓得向后退缩。
马夫凑近她,低声说着粗鄙的话。
我立刻把他拉开。
我必须赶去病人那里,
可丢下罗莎独自和这个陌生男人待在一起,我满心不安。
我还没有来得及决断,
马匹已经拉着马车疯狂向前奔去。
大雪在我四周漫天飞舞。
马儿仿佛认得道路,
毫不犹豫地穿过空旷原野。
十里路程转瞬即逝。
很快我抵达病人家中。
全家人提着在风中摇晃的灯笼,涌出来迎接我。
一个少年躺在床上,
面色苍白,发着高烧。
第一眼看上去,
他仿佛十分健康。
没有明显伤口,
看不出致命病症。
当我凑近细看,
他的腰侧有一道深长、敞开的伤口。
伤口里面,
小虫在柔软鲜红的血肉中蠕动。
少年虚弱地朝我笑了笑。
“医生,让我死去吧。”他低声说。
一家人围站四周,
等着我治好他。
他们盯着我的每一个动作。
我是一名医生,
本该带来治愈与希望。
可我心里清楚,我无能为力。
这道伤口已经无药可救。
我假装仔细检查,
说着空洞的安慰话语。
家人信任我的身份,
我却感到彻底的无助。
我冒着风雪匆匆赶来,
付出一切,
面对的却是一份我无法减轻的苦难。
我悄悄离开卧室。
马匹安静站在门外。
我重新登上马车。
返程的路途漫长迟缓。
马儿在积雪里步履沉重。
我的医袍被剥去,
浑身暴露在凛冽严寒之中。
没有人前来帮我。
村庄在身后渐渐远去。
我再也回不到家了。
这份错位的职责,把我拖进这片冰封、无尽的荒原。
治愈的虚假许诺,永远困住了我。
我迷失了方向,
四下没有任何救赎。
🔍长难句赏析与拆解
原句一
I was in great trouble.
An urgent journey lay ahead of me.
A serious patient was waiting in a village ten miles away.
句式解读
短句连续铺排,开门见山,快速交代危机背景;
ten miles away 后置定语修饰village,简洁有力,立刻建立紧张的叙事基调。
句子主干
An urgent journey lay ahead of me. A serious patient was waiting.
原句二
She came back empty-handed,
her scarf fluttering in the biting wind.
句式解读
独立主格结构作伴随状语,属于英文经典文学句式;
一边交代寻找马匹失败,一边烘托风雪刺骨的环境,画面感极强。
句子主干
She came back empty-handed.
原句三
Then I leaned closer.
On his side,
a deep, open wound stretched across his flesh.
Inside the wound,
tiny worms wriggled in the soft red flesh.
句式解读
地点状语前置,放慢叙事节奏;
用客观冷静的陈述句描写惊悚画面,
以平淡语气反衬荒诞恐怖,是卡夫卡标志性写法。
句子主干
A deep, open wound stretched across his flesh.
Tiny worms wriggled.
📖全篇句式特点
本文句式虚实交错。
开篇多用短句,推进现实危机;
超现实情节出现后,长短句交替,
制造恍惚、如梦似幻的阅读感受。
叙事语调始终冷静克制,不带主观抒情,
哪怕描写可怖伤口、绝望结局,也保持客观陈述。
大量环境描写句,用风雪、荒原、黑夜象征精神困境。
故事没有清晰的因果逻辑,依靠意象传递隐喻,
表层是医生出诊,内里是现代人被责任绑架的精神逃亡。
核心词汇
1. storm
/stɔːm/
暴风雪,风暴
名词(n.)
2. exhaustion
/ɪɡˈzɔːstʃən/
疲惫,衰竭
名词(n.)
3. groom
/ɡruːm/
马夫
名词(n.)
4. harness
/ˈhɑːnɪs/
套上(马具)
动词(v.)
5. wriggle
/ˈrɪɡl/
蠕动,扭动
动词(v.)
6. feverish
/ˈfiːvərɪʃ/
发烧的,狂热的
形容词(adj.)
7. relieve
/rɪˈliːv/
减轻,缓解
动词(v.)
8. sluggish
/ˈslʌɡɪʃ/
迟缓的,慢悠悠的
形容词(adj.)
9. wilderness
/ˈwɪldənəs/
荒野,荒原
名词(n.)
📜文学赏析
《乡村医生》是卡夫卡超现实寓言的典范。
故事充满梦境式的悖论:医生身负救死扶伤的使命,
可他从一开始就失去掌控。
凭空出现的马夫、马匹、带虫的伤口,全部是隐喻符号。
医生代表现代职业者,被社会赋予拯救他人的责任,
但他常常没有真正拯救的能力。
罗莎象征医生想要守护的私人温情,
却被突如其来的使命强行抛下。
结尾无法归家的漂泊,代表个体在责任枷锁下永恒的精神流亡。
故事没有传统意义上的结局,
用荒诞场景,叩问职业价值、救赎的虚妄。
💡主旨品读
小说探讨责任的荒诞性。
社会赋予人崇高使命,
却未必配套完成使命的力量。
当我们被迫承担超出自身能力的拯救任务,
只会陷入无力、愧疚与自我消耗。
医生被困在风雪荒原,
象征每一个被身份、职责裹挟的普通人:
我们常常匆匆奔赴他人的苦难,
最后丢失自我,找不到归途。
救赎很多时候只是一句空洞的承诺,
人终究要独自面对无边的寒冷与迷茫。
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